Ethics in Psychology Essay

The definition of ethics is as follows: â€Å"a theory or system of moral values; the general nature of morals and of the specific moral choices to be made by a person†. (dictionary.com ) In modern day society, we have bio-ethicists; professionals who are trained to judge what can be considered ethical, as well as strict guidelines set forth by the APA (American Psychological Association). However, during the early years of the formation of Psychology, there were no bio-ethicists or universal guidelines, therefore some of the early experiments such as the â€Å"Little Albert†, and â€Å"Mother Attachment† would be considered unethical and therefore would not be permitted today. In 1920, behaviorist John B. Watson and his assistant Rosalie Rayner conducted an experiment now called the â€Å"Little Albert†. The desired outcome of the experiment was to show empirical evidence of classical conditioning in humans. (T. Bartlett) A similar study that preceded â€Å"Little Albert† was conducted by Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov, which demonstrated the conditioning process in dogs. It is said that Watson wanted to continue and further Pavlov’s research to eventually show that emotional reactions could be classically conditioned in humans. Watson and Rayner first selected a nine month old baby from a local hospital, his name was Douglas Merritte. The child was then exposed to a series of stimuli including a white rat, a rabbit, a monkey, masks, and burning newspapers; his initial reactions were observed and recorded. The boy initially showed no fear of any of the objects he was shown. However, the second time the boy was exposed to the white rat, it is accompanied by a loud starling clang, that clearly frightens the child. This portion of the experiment is repeated multiple times until the mere sight of the white rat, or creatures that have a similar appearance, frighten the child even when unaccompanied by the startlingly clang. The researchers have successfully conditioned Little Albert to be afraid. (T. Bartlett) Today â€Å"Little Albert† is considered to be a cruel experiment of questionable value, clearly in violation of all five of the APA’s general ethical guidelines. The APA states that psychologists must: â€Å"respect the dignity and worth of all people, and the rights of individuals to privacy, confidentiality, and self-determination. Be aware that special safeguards may be necessary to protect the rights and welfare of persons or communities whose vulnerabilities impair autonomous decision making. Be aware of and respect cultural, individual and role differences, including those based on age, gender, gender identity, race, ethnicity, culture, national origin, religion, sexual orientation, disability, language and socioeconomic status and consider these factors when working with members of such groups. Try to eliminate the effect on their work of biases based on those factors, and they do not knowingly participate in or condone activities of others based upon such prejudices.†(APA) The first problem with â€Å"Little Albert† stems from the harm caused to the individual in question. Douglas Merritte was ultimately driven to feel extreme fear and even terror when exposed to anything that remotely resembled the white rat. This was mentally damaging for the child, and may have impaired his ability to integrate himself into society at a later date. (Cherry. K) Secondly, the right to withdraw was not present in the experiment; even when the boy became distressed and even ill the experiment continued. Therefore, today, the â€Å"Little Albert† experiment would be considered highly unethical. During the 1960’s, American Psychologist Harry Harlow, conducted a series of controvertial experiments known as the â€Å"Mother Attachment Experiments†. These experiments were used to analyze the mother-child relationship in primates. In Harlow’s initial experiments, infant monkeys were separated from their mother’s shortly after birth and were raised instead by surrogate mothers made either wire or soft terry cloth. In one experiment both types of surrogates were present in the cage, but only one was equipped with the ability to nurse the infant. Some infants received nourishment from the wire surrogate, and others were fed from the cloth mother. Harlow established that mother love was really behavior based, meaning the offspring would seek physical comfort, rather than feeding. Harlow’s isolation studies also demonstrated the need for maternal interaction with their infants and the importance of play as part of the normal process of psychosocial growth. Harlow has received multiple awards for these experiments, they have been deemed â€Å"of extreme significance for understanding those aspects of human behavior related to depression, aggression or sexual dysfunction, which originated in the formative years of mother-infant interaction.†(Theodore Lidz of Yale University Medical School). However, due to the fact that the experiments caused extreme psychological effects on the primates used in the trials, they could be seen as highly unethical. In the APA’s ethical principles of psychology, section 8.09 clearly states that psychologists must have a: Humane Care and Use of Animals in Research. Subsections B and D of section 8.09 are relevant when considering Harlow’s treatment of the primates. Subsection B states: â€Å"Psychologists trained in research methods and experienced in the care of laboratory animals supervise all procedures involving animals and are responsible for ensuring appropriate consideration of their comfort, health and humane treatment† (APA). In the â€Å"Mother Attachment† experiments, Harlow himself was not trained in the research methods and experienced in the care of the primates, nor was there any consideration for their comfort or mental health after the experiment. Furthermore, subsection D states that: â€Å"Psychologists make reasonable efforts to minimize the discomfort, infection, illness and pain of animal subjects† (APA). Harlow failed to minimize the negative effects of his experiments on the primates in a long term setting; most primates involved in the study were clinically depressed after the termination and in some cases during the experiment.Therefore, in accordance to the APA’s ethical guidelines Harlowâ €™s experiment would be seen as morally questionable and in most cases unethical in modern society. There is no question that the science which is psychology has been built and greatly advanced through the means of what some would consider unethical means and experimentation. â€Å"Little Albert† is seen today as a cruel experiment of questionable value. However knowledge was gained from this â€Å"unethical† experiment that has helped modern day psychologists. The â€Å"Mother Attachment† experiments, have won multiple awards for their â€Å"extreme significance† (Theodore Lidz) in the analysis of behavior based on the mother-child relationship; despite the fierce criticism and controversy surrounding the experiments. Should both experiments be considered morally wrong and unethical? Perhaps. Did both experiments play a large role in the advancement of psychology? Without a doubt. Therefore in Harlow and Watson’s cases, the end justifies the means. References American Psychological Association (APA). Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct. Retrieved December 10, 2012, from http://www.apa.org/ethics/code/index.aspx?item=3 Bartlett, T. (2012). The Sad Saga of ‘Little Albert’ Gets Far Worse for a Researcher’s Reputation . Chronicle of Higher Education, Vol. 58(Issue 23), A-26. Cherry, K. Psychology – Complete Guide to Psychology for Students, Educators & Enthusiasts. Little Albert – The Little Albert Experiment. Retrieved December 10, 2012, from http://psychology.about.com/od/classicpsychologystudies/a/little-albert-experiment.htm (1975). Honoring Harlow for dedicated research . Science News , Vol.107 (Issue 24), 383.

Human aggression

Human aggression is innate; others say that it has biological roots. Looking at the biological standpoint, similarities between non-primate, animal aggression and human aggression seem to present that human aggression stemmed from animal aggression. Testosterone levels in animals, which are related to aggression, also seem to contribute in the aggressive behavior of animals. This, however, is not the case. Considering another biological aspect, the neurology of humans, seems to play a crucial role in human aggression.However, the arguments presented by the view that human aggression has biological roots are not entirely without fault and repercussions. Biological Roots of Human Aggression The meaning of human aggression varies from person to person. Human aggression is the competitive form of social behavior among Homo sapiens (Go, 1983). It is also defined as the behavior wherein the underlying objective is to cause pain, harm, physical distraction or injury (Net Industries, 2008; B aron & Richardson, 1994).Using the definition of aggression in which pain or harm is the motive to act violently or hurt others and the self, aggression may be classified in several ways. Aggression may be classified as either passive or active. It may also be categorized as direct or indirect, physical or verbal or any combination of the three classifications (Net Industries, 2008). Some also classify aggressive behavior into three – social aggression, predatory aggression and threatening aggression. Social aggression is considered as unprovoked aggression towards another for establishing power and dominance.Predatory aggression refers to killing and murder. Threatening aggression pertains to attacks delivered when an aggressor is present (Schaffhausen, 2008). In a way, the classifications narrow the definition of aggression. The subject of human aggression has been the topic of debates, especially its cause (Go, 1983). Some suggest that human aggression is innate and cannot be changed. They believe that aggression is within humans and that humans respond to it naturally and spontaneously by releasing aggressive energy.If this energy is not released, humans explode into violence. This implies that releasing aggressive energy in a constant and healthy manner would make humans less aggressive since their aggressive energy is dissipated part by part. It also implies that aggression can be purged out of a human being’s system by continuously engaging in activities that vent out the aggressive energy such as sports (Kohn, 1988). However, the theory of aggression as innate is being critically questioned, especially by the Seville Statement.It states that it would be scientifically incorrect to say that human beings have inherited the aggression present in animals. It is also scientifically incorrect to state that aggression is embedded in the genetics of humans. There have been no scientific evidences showing that genes produce individuals that are pr edisposed to violence. It is also not correct to say that aggression is caused by instinct or just a single intent (Spanish National Commission for UNESCO, 1986). To debunk the theory that aggression is innate, others say that it is due to some biological causes.To understand the roots of human aggression from a biological perspective, scientists study the behavior of the origins of the humans. This is because human aggression has a number of substantial features similar to animal aggression. Surviving in the wild has become a necessity for animals. Human aggression has stemmed from that also; it became normal because of the need for survival and adaptation (Gordon & Smith, 2000). Also, similar to animal aggression, human aggression is present at all age levels and is displayed by both male and female.It is also not dependent on seasonal changes and in fluctuating hormone levels or pragmatic events like sexual activity. These data support the inference that human aggression has its roots in the defensive aggression of non-primate animals (Alber, Jonik & Walsh, 1993). One of the earliest attempts to discover the biological roots of human aggression occurred in the 1960s. The researchers tried to link human aggression to genes by considering the extra Y chromosome in males. The researches thought that the extra Y chromosome gave males more inclination towards violence and aggression.However, this was not the case and the studies shown that there was no significant difference between males with the extra Y chromosome (Schaffhausen, 2008). The origin of human aggression, from a biological view, was then inferred from studies of the testosterone levels of non-primate animals and its affect in the animals’ aggression. Testosterone is linked to social aggression in animals. Reducing testosterone in the male leader or a male of high position by castration eliminates the male’s dominant social status.But restoring testosterone by means of injection may al low him to regain his social status as the male leader. However, there have been studies that show that the correlation between the testosterone levels in animals has no bearing in humans. Testosterone levels between high-physical aggression and low-physical aggression do not have a significant difference. This is also supported by the fact that physical aggression does not increase during puberty wherein the testosterone levels of both males and females dramatically increase.Also, castration and anti-androgen administration, in which testosterone levels decrease, does not correspond to a significant decrease in aggression (Alber, Jonik & Walsh, 1993). The neurological roots are also necessary to understand the biological roots of human aggression. The brain activities of a group of adolescent kids, considered as reactively aggressive, were studied to determine the neurological processes related to aggressive behavior. At the exact moment when the boys have reacted aggressively, the teenagers seem as if they cannot help but do so, at least for the moment.To monitor their brain activity at the precise moment of aggression, researchers used a functional magnetic brain imaging. They also deduced that similar to aggression, fear is considered as a trait, which appears to teenagers at an exact moment, and the teenagers cannot help but feel fear given certain stimuli. In the study, the stimuli used were images of threatening faces. Using the brain-imaging instrument, the amygdala, the part of the brain associated with fear, had a significantly greater activity and the prefrontal cortex, the part of the brain involved in decision making and reasoning, had a relatively lower activity.This indicate that that affected teenagers feel fearful, as implied by the overactive amygdala, but have less capacity to control their reactions, due to a less than reactive prefrontal cortex (Singer, 2007). The study points to the prefrontal cortex as the part of the brain involved in a ggression and violence. However, other studies also support that the prefrontal cortex is related to aggression and violence. EEG and other instruments for monitoring brain functions have long suggested that violent criminals have impaired neurological processes (Singer, 2007).A study, using positron emission tomography, monitoring brain activity of murderers and anti-social people, people considered as having relatively aggressive traits, as subject showed that the subjects’ prefrontal cortices were significantly smaller and there was also heightened activity in the sub-cortical regions such as the thalamus. A meta-analysis also showed the same results. It also showed that people with a history of violent behavior have functional and structural impairments in the prefrontal cortex, which impairs the decision-making and increases impulsive behavior (Raine, Buchsbaum, & LaCasse, 1997).Other neurological studies show that serotonin may play a key role in aggressive and violent behavior. Serotonin is the neurotransmitter in the brain that plays a key role in processing emotions and sleep. It transmits nerve signals between the nerve ends and acts as a chemical messenger as well (Schaffhausen, 2008; Mann, 1999). Experiments show that enhancing the level of serotonin leads to a reduction in aggressive behavior. It also shows that knockouts of certain serotonin receptors cause an increase in aggressive behavior of mice. Decreasing levels of serotonin also shows an increase in aggression of vervet monkeys.Because of the similarities of aggression between animals and humans, the connection between serotonin and aggressive behavior in humans was studied. The studies regarding humans showed that serotonin is related to human aggression. People with history of violent and aggressive behavior such as violent criminals show low levels of serotonin in their cerebral spinal fluid. The studies also show that serotonin related inductions in aggressive psychiatric patien ts led to reduction in violent outbursts and hostile sentiments. Neurosis is also linked to the cause of human aggression, based from the biological outlook.Neurosis consists of acts that cause significant harm to other people as well as the self. Neurosis, however, is brought about by the frustration due to obtaining the basic human needs (Wollstein, n. d. ). However, the claims that human aggression is caused by biological causes are not without faults and repercussions. Human aggression, although it has similarities with animal aggression, is not necessarily the same. For one, drawing conclusions from the aggressive behavior of animals to state arguments about human aggression is not correct.The force of culture and society and the human being’s capability to think and reason out sets a big difference between human aggression and animal aggression. In addition, animal aggression may not be in the same context as human aggression. Aggression that is carefully planned rarely occurs in animals as compared to humans, except when it comes to killing for food (Go, 1983). In addition, extremes were present in some of the studies done to show that the amygdala and some other parts of the brain are related to aggression.Using murderers and psychiatric patients represent the extreme end of human aggression. Aggression may also be done in means less violent such as punching a person or beating up a person. There are also plenty of people who may have brains with damaged prefrontal cortex but do not inevitably show aggressive behavior or commit violent, or possibly, hideous acts. Using instruments for mental activity and brain imaging such as the PET scans cannot be automatically used to support the claim that the prefrontal cortex is associated with human aggression (Singer, 2007).Moreover, as interesting as the findings regarding the neurotransmitter serotonin may appear to be, the direction of the effect is not clear. Aggressive behavior could possibly be the effect of a decrease in the serotonin levels or vice versa, the serotonin levels decrease because of the aggressive behavior. Testosterones are also not very good indicators of aggression. Some evidence is present that males with high testosterone levels are more likely to be socially aggressive compared to ones with lower levels of testosterone but there is no proof that these men are necessarily more violent.These men are usually in the top of the corporate ladder are competitive ones. Women, who are typically associated with having low-levels of testosterone, might not necessarily be less aggressive than men. Women engage more in non-physical aggression. Thus, the testosterone levels may indicate that it has no connection between physical aggression but the other forms of aggression cannot be clearly deduced from the testosterone levels present in a human’s body (Schaffhausen, 2008).However, even though researchers have successfully linked some of the biological factors s uch as serotonin, etc with human aggression, they have yet to figure out if these are the concrete biological roots that cause aggressive behavior in humans. There are no neurological markers that might determine which people has more aggressive tendencies or when an aggressive behavior is determined by the mind. The brain has yet to be completely figured out and definitive tests have yet to be managed and done.Also, different forms of aggression, other than physical aggression, are yet to be linked to some of the biological links being studied by researchers (Schaffhausen, 2008) The scientific agreement regarding aggression is that it is a combination of many different factors. The biology part related to aggression – the amygdala, the limbic system, the hypothalamus, etc. only plays a small role in aggressive behavior (Marsh, 1984). References Alber, D. J. , Jonik, R. H. , & Walsh, M. L. (1993) Aggression in humans: what is its biological foundation? Neuroscience and Biobeh avioral Reviews.17(4):405-25. Vancouver. Baron, R. A & Richardson, D. R. (1994) Human Aggression. (2nd Ed. ) New York: Plenum. Go, J. L. (1983). Aggression. In Funk & Wagnalls New Encyclopedia. (Vol. 1, pp. 236-237). Rand McNally & Company. Marsh, F. (1984)Biology, Crime and Ethics: A Study of Biological Explanations for Criminal Behavior. Anderson Pub Co Gordon, L. & Smith, D. (2000). The Nature of Human Aggression. Retrieved April 6, 2008, from http://jrscience. wcp. muohio. edu/reflections/FinalArticles/TheNatureOfHumanAggressio. html Kohn, A. (1988). Are Human Innately Aggressive?Retrieved April 6, 2008, from http://www. alfiekohn. org/miscellaneous/aggression. htm Mann, JJ. (1999) Role of the serotonergic system in the pathogenesis of major depression and suicidal behaviour. Neuropsychopharmacology, 21 (2): 99S-105S. Net Industries. (2008). Aggression – definition. Retrieved April 7, 2008 from http://social. jrank. org/pages/25/Aggression-Definition. html Raine, A. , Buc hsbaum, M. , LaCasse, L. (1997). Brain abnormalities in murders indicated by positron emission tomography,† Biological Psychiatry, 42: 495-508. Schaffhausen, J. (2008).The Biological Basis of Aggresssion. Retrieved April 6, 2008, from http://www. brainconnection. com/topics/printindex. php3? main=fa/aggression Singer, E. (2007). The Neurological Roots of Aggression: Recent findings shed light on the brain deficits that underlie aggression and could aid in the development of preventative treatments. Retrieved April 6, 2008, from http://www. technologyreview. com/Biotech/19679/ Spanish National Commission for UNESCO. (1986). The Seville Statement on Violence. Retrieved April 8, 2008, from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Seville_Statement_on_Violence.

Business quiz answer

Your Answer: culture Correct serve as a baseline for actions and decision making and guide employees in the organization's intentions and interests. Your Answer: Values Correct Question: A company's Answer: mission Correct is its primary reason for existence. Your Question: The primary resource of all organizations is . Your Answer: employees Incorrect Question: Organizational climates are Answer: counter-productive to Correct corporate cultures. Your Question: The process of collecting information about the external environment to identify and analyze trends is called: Your Answer: environmental scanning.Correct is a function of the ability to learn and to perform according to changes in the environment. Your Answer: Organizational adaptability Correct Question: For many organizations, what customers value often becomes the company's: Your Answer: distinctive competitive advantage Correct Question: The final step in the basic planning process is Answer: controlling and evaluating th e results Correct Question: Which of the following questions applies directly to the function of landing?Your Answer: What do we want to accomplish? Incorrect Question: The step in the basic planning process would the statement ‘This organization will capture 5% more of the product market in the next 2 years† focus upon: Your Answer: production schedules. Correct Question: The three levels of strategies are corporate, business, and . Your Answer: functional Correct Question.

Solar car races Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Solar car races - Essay Example It is predicted solar energy would improve in the near future because of its competition with electricity and other energy applications. There are various ways of to use solar energy for example, the use of photovoltaic systems to convert light directly into electricity. The solar water heating system converts sunlight to heat water and the solar thermal system that concentrate solar radiation into small space to produce high temperatures (Mangu et al., 2010, p.6). The solar power has numerous advantages over other traditional energy sources because they are cost effective owing to the cheapness of the panels used in trapping sunlight. The state and the local government incentives are making it affordable and pure since it does not pollute the environment by increasing the carbon footprint (Kotler 2011, p.132). The solar energy can be trapped anywhere at any time since the panels take minimal space to install making them suitable for urban and locations. The solar energy is maintenance free than other forms of energy requiring constant maintenance like wind turbines. Solar energy is easily used in remote areas where it is expensive to increase the electricity power grid. It is conveniently used to power most of the electronic devices by inserting a small miniature panel to absorb sunlight transformed to electrical impulses to power the devices. Other sources of energy like oil reserves can be depleted but the solar energy is infinity and can l ast forever. The solar car gets its electricity by converting sunlight into electrical energy through photovoltaic cells. The photovoltaic cells are passed into the battery for storage for future use, or directly transmitted to motor to run the vehicle. The micro-controller chip embedded on the vehicle, which is also responsible for controlling the motion of the car smoothly when the pedal is pressed, performs the process. A solar car functions in various ways, such as capturing sunlight and

Corporate Social Responsibility always adds value to the brand Essay

Corporate Social Responsibility always adds value to the brand - Essay Example Whether reacting as a result of peer pressure or because of basic human decency, corporations that choose to implement corporate social responsibility initiatives improve their image and increase their brand value. This increases their competitive advantage and can enhance their image thus attracting talented or skilled workers who may wish to be hired by respected companies. The improved image will also positively affect the attractiveness of the organization’s goods or services. In all circumstances, CSR initiatives that are meant to improve the community or preserve the environment also generate environmental as well as social value, while simultaneously supporting the organization’s corporate objectives, improving relationships with all stakeholders, and reducing overall costs. In modern times, the trend of social consciousness is affecting every facet of public life. The business scene has particularly been impacted by the notion of giving back to the community that has given its support. Being socially conscious basically has to do with having additional commitments other than just meeting financial organisational objectives. The push for businesses to take on more socially-related responsibilities has produced a noticeable change in organisational stakeholders like workers, customers, contractors, and shareholders in most industries. This is because these stakeholders are usually vested in ensuring that their brands remain in the minds of present clients as well as potential customers. For brands to be marketable in Western nations today, they have to be linked to some type of socially conscious agenda. Organisations can no longer create interest by defining their brands in terms of their functions or abilities; they also have to include culturally rela ted, environmentally-related, or socially-related statements in their marketing messages in

Mission, Vsionand Strategic Objectives Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Mission, Vsionand Strategic Objectives - Essay Example Vision statement is written immediately after an organization manages to write a mission statement. It provides a statement on what the company or the organization intends to achieve, wi9thin a given framework, or within a future period. Unlike the mission statement, the vision statement is always updated, depending on the strategic position of the company (Moseley, 2009). The vision statement normally provides a guideline on what the company intends to achieve within a given future, or a certain period of time. The vision statement is important, because it can act as motivators for the employees of a company, to work hard, and develop competitive strategies that can help the organization achieve its stated future ambitions or objectives (Zuckerman, 2012). Just like a mission statement, it is possible for a vision statement to be prepared at any level within an organization, i.e. at the managerial and departmental levels. Strategic objectives are long term decisions made by the company, for purposes of helping the organization to meet its mission and vision objectives. They are always explicit and broad, and the management of the organization believes that, it is nearly impossible to achieve its vision and mission, without these objectives (Moseley, 2009). The strategic objectives are always established at the corporate level, and at the sub-units of the organization. These objectives are always established after carrying out a research on the industry that an organization operates under, its competitors, and after the identification of the capabilities of the business organization. There are two very important concepts that should be recognized in the vision and mission statement of an organization offering health services. Under the mission statement, an organization must identify its purpose, and the kind of clients it seeks to serve (Zuckerman, 2012). For instance, the mission statement would denote that the organization aims at providing high

Business Ethics Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 5

Business Ethics - Article Example In this way they make money. The SEC put out a warning that they will be looking closing at hedge funds that make over 3%. Is it right for the SEC to do this? There are a bunch of moral questions involved in this issue. One could place moral questions on the role of hedge funds. Is it right for hedge funds to purchase stocks expecting to make a profit because they know the stock's value is overly price. 2. The SEC should not put out such warnings because they will be capping the profit initiative, the ability of people to make a profit whenever they see it. This sounds more like a right under our free market system. Another argument is that it is not possible to truely regulate the market without be unfair to those who have made an earnest buck in the market. Some investors may be lucky, or some hedge fund operators may have done good due diligence research and they should be awarded whatever profit that comes their way. 3. The SEC should put out such warnings. Hedge funds have been known to create create market changes based on pure speculation, resulting in market busts where a lot of people lose their money.

Prison Gangs in the United States Research Paper

Prison Gangs in the United States - Research Paper Example First, inmates are not to interfere with other inmates, a rule which places a premium on "minding your own business." Inmates are not to inform on one another and not to place a fellow inmate in a precarious situation. The second principle commands "don't lose your head." Inmates should control their emotions during their incarceration. Third, inmates should not exploit each other. The traditional inmate code forbids racketeering, welshing on bets, stealing from other inmates, or retracting promises. Inmates have an obligation to share any wealth which they may acquire. Fourth, inmates should not show weakness or they jeopardize their masculine image. It is very important for an inmate to maintain his masculinity. Any signs of fear or cowardice will greatly harm an inmate's reputation in the prison. Finally, "don't be a sucker," in other words, prisoners should not trust the administration. This final principle demands that inmates reject the values of society represented by prison o fficials. Guards are always considered to be wrong in any dispute with inmates. The administration must not be trusted for any reason (Sykes and Messinger, 1960, p. 7-8). Adherence to the inmate code varies greatly. While most inmates make strong verbal commitment to the code, the actual behaviors of inmates often deviate from it (Ross & Richards, 2002). The inmate code serves to lessen the pains of imprisonment by increasing solidarity among the inmates (Sykes and Messinger, 1960. p. 16). By uniting inmate society, the code lessens the sense of isolation inmates often face. An inmate follows the prescription to share wealth, he can alleviate animosity and hostility. By sharing the limited wealth offered by prison society, the potential for psychological harm can be decreased substantially (Sykes and Messinger, 1960, p. 16). The threat to an inmate's masculine self  ­image can be substantially alleviated by the requirement that inmates maintain their manhood through shows of stren gth and suppression of weakness (Sykes and Messinger, 1960. p. 17). When inmates arrive in prison they undergo prison procedures which have been likened to a series of status degradation ceremonies (Cloward, 1960; Sykes, 1958). These ceremonies convey two messages to the inmate. First, they involve the "ritual destruction of the individual's identity" (Cloward, 1960, p. 20). The individual's dignity is removed as his status is lowered. The lowering of status and stripping of dignity occurs through such procedures as strip searches, assignment of identification numbers instead of names, and the provision of uniforms, all of which create a homogenous inmate society. Second, the new identity provided to the inmate is of a lower status than their previous rank as a member of free society (Cloward, 1960, p. 20). Cloward (1960) argues that prison allows inmates to enhance their status through illegitimate means. Inmates may take on several roles in their efforts to gain status within pris on culture. They may become merchants or peddlers who specialize in providing material goods to other inmates. Politicians, or "big-shots," will control the spread of information among inmates (Cloward, 1960, p. 34). These inmates will seek positions, which grant them greater freedom of movement or greater access to prison officials, allowing them to gather information. Finally, an inmate may assume the role of "right

HR Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

HR - Coursework Example Despite the interpersonal relationship associated with face-to-face teams, there is no much difference between virtual teams as long as the essential elements of an effective team are considered and integrated into the team (HCI, 2014). The information gained from the article is of great importance when discussing the effectiveness of teams in the project team. First, the fact that sharing the same physical space does not guarantee the effectiveness of the team is very helpful. Also, comprehending that brainstorming should be done after each has worked on his or her own before sharing their ideas. This situation will help in avoiding wastage of time when burdened with a problem to solve because team members come while prepared. In addition, by learning that teams need to have effective communication and clearly defined roles and responsibilities will help in discussing the saliency of having direction and being objective as a team. Finally, the insight gained on the effectiveness of virtual teams will help in integrating the interests of those who are not able to share the same physical space during group meetings. While some firms are reaping big from the benefits of teams, others are not living up to their potential. For instance, IBM has experienced international success due to the adoption of effective team techniques. Nevertheless, organizations, such as Wal-Mart, can greatly benefit from the information presented in this article, especially the significance of virtual teams and diversity in

Gods Intervention in the world Essay Example for Free

Gods Intervention in the world Essay Explain what is meant by the bible describing God as a miracle worker? Miracles have been reported all over the world for thousands of years. In most scenarios miracles are related to God, and the activity of God within the world suggesting Gods imminence. The world miracle originates from the word miraculum meaning a thing of wonder. It is an interruption to the processes of nature that cannot be explained by natural laws and therefore a transgression. An interruption such as this normally bears some deeper and usually religious significance. The bible recites many ideas of miracles by either God or though Jesus. Within the old testament the story of Joshua and the Israelites. This story explains how he took his army to defend a place called Gibeon and that God was on the side of Joshua and helps them defeat the enemies of Gibeon. God does this by the interruption of natural laws such as pro longing the days, and throwing down a storm of hail. Other texts within the bible suggest miracles performed by God. For example during the story of Moses where he parts the reed sea in order for the Israelites to escape from the Egyptians. Another way miracles are shown within the bible is through Jesus. This is shown in such miracles as the feeding of 5000 and healing of the paralysed man Jesus was told to even bring people back to life. The bible uses these miracles to show Gods immanence within the world and his the relationship between God and humanity. miracles make it difficult to believe in a reliable god The idea of miracles is that they defy the laws of nature. That God Is transcendent but shows his power and goodness by interacting within the world as a miracle worker. For many who have experienced miracles they see it as an experience with God, for an example the theopany between God and Moses. However many issues are raised by the idea of God interfering in the lives of others. Firstly, some people see miracles as being morally unfair. They would say that if God was all good why would he interfere in the lives of some and not others. Why would a good God chose to help certain people and leave others to suffer. For example God helped the Jews many times within the bible whether it be in the story of Moses, Joshua or the feeding of 5000. However let them suffer through persecution so badly during the holocaust of world war two. Not only this but through the stories of Joshua and Moses God is choosing to help some people, in this case the Israelites but not the Egyptians or the enemies of Gibeon if God is the creator of everything in order to be morally correct God should be fair and just. Furthermore in some accounts of miracles from the bible God chooses to help a single person, how would God chose who to help and who to stay in suffering if God was just and fair. A miracle itself therefore contradicts Gods omnibenevolence. Miracles also make God uncertain. According to religious believers God is the creator of everything creation ex nihilo and yet for a miracle to exist God must work against his own creation to create a miracle. This questions Gods immanence as it goes against the idea that God is omniscient and never changing. By producing miracles the original laws created by God are uncertain and changeable. Why would a God that is all God and powerful need to work against his own creation there should be no need for miracles. God looked as his work and saw it was good. How could God be the creator of the earth and want to change how it works?Maurice wiles would agree with this arguing that God couldnt intervene on an individual level without undermining his whole creation. And that a good who could reject some suffering whilst choosing to help others it not worthy of worship. Although many follow this argument there are those who would say there does not need to be a choice between natural law and miracles, that they can co exist within the same world. That science can only develop by accepting new ideas of which miracles could be one. Also that miracles can have the same sorts of evidence as that of science, accounts by people, memories or physical traces left behind. David Hume is another philosopher who rejects that a reliable God cannot be a God of miracles. He suggests that miracles have nothing to do with God and that those talk of experiencing miraculous events are barbarous ignorant and gullible By this he means that the idea of God creating miracle is simply an excuse for those who cannot understand the true and natural reason for the occurrence. On the other hand there are those who would argue with the ideas of Hume and others sharing that opinion. They would say that although it is questionable as to whether miracles exist and are caused by God there is and equal lack of evidence to deny the occurrence of miracles. Equally that for a religious person it is not to question how God interacts within the world, just to have faith and accept that God is omnipotent, omni benevolent etc and that God must perform these miracles for a reason that is beyond the understanding of humans but is for a good cause.

Red Ocean and Blue Ocean Approach

Red Ocean and Blue Ocean Approach Introduction â€Å"Blue Ocean Strategy† by W. Chan Kim and Renee Mauborgne is a strategy that challenges companies to distance itself away from fierce competition by establishing uncontested market space that makes existing competition irrelevant. One of the reasons why the authors have used the colours red and blue is to describe the market. Red ocean is the market space where industry boundaries are defined and known. The red ocean contains a massive conflict between companies where they are constantly trying to outperform each other to achieve a greater share or demand. Kim and Mauborgne explains in an interview that when market spaces become crowded with competitors, companies try out perform each other and profits and growth is greatly reduced due to cutthroat style competition which turns the red ocean bloody. In contrast, blue oceans is the unknown market space where it is unaffected by competition and demand is created rather than fought for. In blue oceans, competition is not relevant because the rules or barriers to the market space is not set yet and is often waiting to be set. The Authors uses the blue ocean analogy to describe the uncontested market space with no competitors and the opportunity to explore. The analogy of a blue ocean can be associated with profitability and growth being â€Å"vast†, â€Å"deep† and â€Å"powerful†. Traditional approaches to competitive strategies are highly influenced by Michael E. Porter. Kim and Mauborgne present to us in their book a fresh approach to make the competition irrelevant. In this paper I will discuss the differences between conventional red ocean strategies which are influenced by Porter and Kim and Mauborgnes blue ocean strategy. Furthermore, the paper will discuss the differences between the SWOT analysis and the four actions framework. Competing in existing market space versus Creating new market space The red ocean represents the existing market space where there is always a constant intensity of rivalry to fight for market share. To successfully operate in a red ocean, it is important for companies to conduct competitor analysis to allow them to stay updated on what their competitors are doing and what they are planning to do. Red ocean strategies represent approaches to protecting and stealing market share from competitors. According to DAveni, market share can be stolen by companies satisfying their competitors customers better. To compete in the existing market space, companies need to mould their services or products in line with the customers liking through refining existing products or creating new to the world products. However, the bloody cutthroat competition of the red ocean most often causes companies to develop similar or replications of products or services of the competitor that has done well. In the red ocean where competition is based on price and quality, being a first mover is an important advantage because by being flexible a company can adjust easily to external changes such as customer demands and trends. By being a first mover, the company gets benefits such as low costs and economies of scale. I think this is also the reason why the red ocean is so bloody because similar products and services have been refined and replicated over and over again with low cost, it has caused companies to be afraid to look into new options and therefore in a constant battle to fight for market share by cutting profit margins lower and lower. For the companies that succeed in gaining a competitive advantage by being a first mover, it is important for them to exploit the opportunity of that advantage as much as they can because very soon the competition will catch on to it. The tradition theory to competing in existing market space is focused on building your company through analysing competitors. In contrast, Blue Ocean refers to all the industries that are not in existent. In the opening chapter of the Blue Ocean Strategy book, Kim and Mauborgne suggest that the only way to beat the competition is to stop trying to beat the competition. This is a complete contrast to conventional red ocean strategies because instead of analysing competitors, and try out perform them, Blue Ocean Strategy encourage companies to differentiate or break away from the existing market space, hence making competition irrelevant. The authors suggest that there are many ways to create blue oceans. In few cases, companies can establish completely new industries. An example of this is what eBay did with online auctioning. Blue ocean strategy says a company can create a blue ocean market space by innovating a new product or service mainly focusing on new to the world services. However I believe developing new to the world services come with high risk and expenses but if done correctly can be very profita ble. Kim and Mauborgne argue that most companies tend to adapt to new trends rather than trying to shape new trends. What the authors mean by this is that companies make actions directed at keeping up with trends and dont look across time or look at the big picture. They argue that to create a untapped market space, companies need to find trends that are observable today and look at the big picture and see what happens to the value it will have in the future. A prime example of how a company successfully executed this strategy would be Apple. Apple studied and monitored the growing trend of music sharing over the internet during the last decade through software used illegally such as LimeWire and Kazaa. The trend of music sharing became clear to Apple and they took the opportunity and created the online iTunes music store in 2003 which distributed music legally. Red Ocean and Blue Ocean approach to industry boundaries Red ocean markets are large and the rate of product innovation is low. Therefore the market is usually heavily populated by competition and there are a set of rules that is known. In the hostile red ocean environment, companies strive to outperform each other in order to control market share and demand. As the market space gets crowded, growth and profits are greatly reduced and a price war is begun. Competition based strategies have been the main fundamentals of strategic thinking over the past decades and as a result, most companies benchmark themselves towards competition. In contrast, blue ocean strategy emphasises on finding and exploiting market space. The authors argue that companies must realise that in order to be successful long-term, they need to stop competing and benchmarking the competition. It is important for companies to view the competition from a broad perspective and consider industries that produce alternatives with the same functions and forms to satisfy the end customer. According to Kim and Mauborgne, most companies concentrate on improving the competitive position within a segment and focus on outperforming competition in the same segment. They argue that is it imperative to understand the actions of competitors in other segments not only the one your company is in. To be able to create a blue ocean environment, companies need to understand the factors that influence the customers decisions to change segments such as price and performance. Blue ocean strategy also focuses on looking across chain of buyers. By changing the industry tradition of which buyer group to target and looking across the chain of buyers, companies can get an insight on how to focus on overlooked groups of buyers. Kim and Mauborgne discuss the importance of considering the whole chain of buyers including purchasers, actual users and influencers. By focusing on all of these groups the company can break away form the competition and create a blue ocean environment and the competition would become irrelevant because the industry boundaries are waiting to be created. An example of an Australian organisation that has used this strategy is wine manufacturer Casella Wines. Casella Wines broke free from the boundaries of the domestic competition and moved towards the US market through implementing blue ocean strategy and targeting a segment which was not tainted yet which was the non-wine drinking population. Differentiation and Cost cutting The traditional red ocean view focuses on the importance of creating just one competitive advantage. Porter (1980) has developed recognised theories that describe the three types of competitive strategies as cost leadership, differentiation and focus. Porter emphasises the danger of a company being in the middle of the strategies and the importance of clearly selecting one strategy. If an organisation tries to operate with multiple strategies, it will supposably lose its competitive advantage and focus.

Types of Computers: An Overview

Types of Computers: An Overview A computer is a programmable machine. It accepts information in the form of digitalized data and manipulates it for some result based on a program or sequence of instructions on how the data is to be processed. It consists of at least one processing element, typically a central processing unit (CPU) and some form of memory. The processing element carries out arithmetic and logic operations, and a sequencing and control unit that can change the order of operations based on stored information. Computer History: The first use of the word computer was recorded in 1613 in a book called The young mans gleanings by English writer Richard Braithwaite I have read the truest computer of Times, and the best Arithmetician that ever breathed, and he reduced thy days into a short number. It referred to a person who carried out calculations, or computations, and the word continued with the same meaning until the middle of the 20th century. From the end of the 19th century the word began to take on its more familiar meaning, a machine that carries out computations. Computer Types: Computers are also categorized on the basis of physical structures and the purpose of their use. Based on Capacity, speed and reliability they can be divided into four categories of computers: Microcomputer: A small, single-user computer based on a microprocessor. Minicomputer: A multi-user computer capable of supporting up to hundreds of users simultaneously. Mainframe: A powerful multi-user computer capable of supporting many hundreds or thousands of users simultaneously. Supercomputer: An extremely fast computer that can perform hundreds of millions of instructions per second. 2. MICROCOMPUTER A microcomputer is a small, relatively inexpensive computer with a microprocessor as its central processing unit (CPU). It includes a microprocessor, memory, and input/output (I/O) facilities. Microcomputers became popular in the 1970s and 80s with the advent of increasingly powerful microprocessors. Microcomputer or personal computer can be defined as a small, relatively inexpensive computer designed for an individual user. Businesses use microcomputers for word processing, accounting, desktop publishing, and for running spread sheet and database management applications. At home, the most popular use for microcomputers is for playing games and recently for surfing the Internet. The characteristics of a microcomputer are Monitors, keyboards and other devices for input and output may be integrated or separate. Computer memory in the form of RAM, and at least one other less volatile, memory storage device are usually combined with the CPU on a system bus in one unit. Other devices that make up a complete microcomputer system include batteries, a power supply unit, a keyboard and various input/output devices used to convey information to and from a human operator (printers, monitors, human interface devices). Microcomputers are designed to serve only one user at a time, although they can often be modified with software or hardware to concurrently serve more than one user. Microcomputers fit well on or under desks or tables, so that they are within easy access of users. Bigger computers like minicomputers, mainframes, and supercomputers take up large cabinets or even dedicated rooms. Actual microcomputer can be generally classified by size and chassis / case. The chassis or case is the metal frame that serves as the structural support for electronic components. Every computer system requires at least one chassis to house the circuit boards and wiring. The chassis also contains slots for expansion boards. If you want to insert more boards than there are slots, you will need an expansion chassis, which provides additional slots. There are two basic flavours of chassis designs-desktop models and tower models-but there are many variations on these two basic types. Then come the portable computers that are computers small enough to carry. Portable computers include notebook and subnotebook computers, hand-held computers, palmtops, and PDAs. Tower model The term refers to a computer in which the power supply, motherboard, and mass storage devices are stacked on top of each other in a cabinet. This is in contrast to desktop models, in which these components are housed in a more compact box. The main advantage of tower models is that there are fewer space constraints, which makes installation of additional storage devices easier. Desktop model A computer designed to fit comfortably on top of a desk, typically with the monitor sitting on top of the computer. Desktop model computers are broad and low, whereas tower model computers are narrow and tall. Because of their shape, desktop model computers are generally limited to three internal mass storage devices. Desktop models designed to be very small are sometimes referred to as slim line models. Notebook computer Notebook is extremely lightweight personal computer. Notebook computers typically weigh less than 6 pounds and are small enough to fit easily in a briefcase. Aside from size, the principal difference between a notebook computer and a personal computer is the display screen. Notebook computers use a variety of techniques, known as flat-panel technologies, to produce a lightweight and non-bulky display screen. The quality of notebook display screens varies considerably. In terms of computing power, modern notebook computers are nearly equivalent to personal computers. They have the same CPUs, memory capacity, and disk drives. However, all this power in a small package is expensive. Notebook computers cost about twice as much as equivalent regular-sized computers. Notebook computers come with battery packs that enable you to run them without plugging them in. However, the batteries need to be recharged every few hours. Laptop computer A small, portable computer small enough that it can sit on your lap. Nowadays, laptop computers are more frequently called notebook computers. Subnotebook computer A portable computer that is slightly lighter and smaller than a full-sized notebook computer. Typically, subnotebook computers have a smaller keyboard and screen, but are otherwise equivalent to notebook computers. Hand-held computer A portable computer that is small enough to be held in ones hand. Although extremely convenient to carry, handheld computers have not replaced notebook computers because of their small keyboards and screens. The most popular hand-held computers are those that are specifically designed to provide PIM (personal information manager) functions, such as a calendar and address book. Some manufacturers are trying to solve the small keyboard problem by replacing the keyboard with an electronic pen. However, these pen-based devices rely on handwriting recognition technologies, which are still in their infancy. Hand-held computers are also called PDAs, palmtops and pocket computers. Palmtop Palmtop is small computer that literally fits in your palm. Compared to full-size computers, palmtops are severely limited, but they are practical for certain functions such as phone books and calendars. Palmtops that use a pen rather than a keyboard for input are often called hand-held computers or PDAs. Because of their small size, most palmtop computers do not include disk drives. However, many contain PCMCIA slots in which you can insert disk drives, modems, memory, and other devices. Palmtops are also called PDAs, hand-held computers and pocket computers. PDA PDA is short for personal digital assistant, a handheld device that combines computing, telephone/fax, and networking features. A typical PDA can function as a cellular phone, fax sender, and personal organizer. Unlike portable computers, most PDAs are pen-based, using a stylus rather than a keyboard for input. This means that they also incorporate handwriting recognition features. Some PDAs can also react to voice input by using voice recognition technologies. The field of PDA was pioneered by Apple Computer, which introduced the Newton Message Pad in 1993. Shortly thereafter, several other manufacturers offered similar products. To date, PDAs have had only modest success in the marketplace, due to their high price tags and limited applications. However, many experts believe that PDAs will eventually become common gadgets. PDAs are also called palmtops, hand-held computers and pocket computers. 3. MINICOMPUTER Another type of computer is Micro Computer which is design to support more than one user at a time but it can be used by one person at a time. It is a computer of a size intermediate between a microcomputer and a mainframe computer and includes a microprocessor, memory, input and output facility and it comes equipped with at least one type of data storage, usually RAM. Typically, mini computers have been stand-alone computers sold to small and mid-size businesses for general business applications and to large enterprises for department-level operations. . Mini computers were designed for control, instrumentation, human interaction, and communication switching as distinct from calculation and record keeping. They have great storage capacity and work at a high speed rate. It is often use in place where several people have to work at the same time, so it let many users use data at the same time without any inconvenient. Mini computers are not only used in organization for work but many of mini computers are also used as personal computer. It has a large cheap array of silicon logic gate which allows utility programs and self-booting kernel to be stored within microcomputers. These stored programs let the minicomputer to automatically load further more complex software from external storage device without the user intervention. The Minicomputers were first built in in 1960s and they immediately became a huge success as 40,000 of the minicomputer systems were immediately sold of making the computers hugely available to the general public. With such a successful market possibility many companies stepped in to venture in the minicomputer market. The most successful among these two hundred companies was DEC that launched the minicomputer models PDP-11 and VAX 11/780. Some significant characteristics and historical facts about the mini computer system have been summarized as follows: They are much smaller in size than the mainframe computer systems. As such they do not occupy an entire room but usually occupy space similar in size to that of a standard refrigerator. They are much less expensive than the mainframes. Their invention was possible because of the invention of core memory technologies and transistors. Minicomputers can give parallel access to up to 100 users. Hence they were used in places such as business organizations for maintaining billings and finances. Some of the very first companies to manufacture the minicomputer systems were Hewlett Packard, DEC and Data General. A few models of minicomputers which have been a marked success over the years are: DEC VAX series and PDP series Hewlett Packard HP3000 series SDS,SDS-92 Prime Computers, Prime 50 Series Norsk Data, Nord-1, Nord-10, Nord-100 IBM Midrange Computers Control Data Corporations CDC 160A, CDC-1700 Data General Nova Honeywell-Bull Level 6/DPS Level6/DPS 6000 series Minicomputers have eventually evolved in to microcomputers. With the launch of microcomputers, the public have Had a greater access to the advantage of incorporating computers in the daily stride of their lives. 4. MAINFRAME COMPUTER In another hand we have the Mainframe Computer which is quite expensive than the Mini computer. In comparison the mainframe computer perform better than the mini computer, it can process data at a very high speed rate, for example, millions of instruction per second and Compared to a typical PC, mainframes commonly have hundreds to thousands of times as much data storage online, and can access it much faster. They contain a large number of self-maintenance features, including built-in security features and high data handling capacity. Because of mainframes ability to handle high level data transactions they are used by the biggest firms in almost all the industry such as banks, government agencies and organizations which need to store great volume of complex and important data at a high security level, which means that this is the most secure than other type of computer. Mainframes are designed to handle very high volume input and output and emphasize throughput computing. This type of computer can work for long period without being interrupted, they are reliable. It can run multiple different instance of different operating system and can handle the work of many users at the same time. The term RAS (reliability, availability and serviceability) is a defining characteristic of the mainframe computer. Test, development, training, and production workload for applications and databases can run on a single machine, except for extremely large demands where the capacity of one machine might be limiting. They are usually protected by multiple levels of security and power backup, both internal and external. Among the self-protection measures commonly found in mainframes are an enhanced heat-protection mechanism. Because these computers run all day along with 24x7x365 ability, a large amount of heat generated must be expelled. The fans in mainframe computers are among the most efficient helping in keeping the data centers cool. Features They are huge computers installed in space centers, nuclear power stations etc. They are used for performing complex mathematical calculations. Only scientists and mathematicians can operate them. They are having huge memories tremendous processing speed. They are used for weather forecasting, animation graphics Mainframes run multiple sessions, and with high reliability. Companies can run their IT operations for years without problems or interruptions with minimum down time. Administration is very easy due to the fact that all applications layers are monitored in one Server. A central computer alone can replace dozens or hundreds of smaller PCs, reducing management and administrative costs while providing a much better scalability and reliability. Mainframes can run more than one operating system at once, which allows companies to run multiple sessions with a super-fast speed, high reliability, and high secure. 5. SUPERCOMPUTER Supercomputer is a broad term for one of the fastest computers currently available. Supercomputers are very expensive and are employed for specialized applications that require immense amounts of mathematical calculations (number crunching). For example, weather forecasting requires a supercomputer. Other uses of supercomputers scientific simulations, (animated) graphics, fluid dynamic calculations, nuclear energy research, electronic design, and analysis of geological data (e.g. in petrochemical prospecting). Perhaps the best known supercomputer manufacturer is Cray Research. Approaches to supercomputer architecture have taken dramatic turns since the earliest systems were introduced in the 1960s. Early supercomputer architectures pioneered by Seymour Cray relied on compact innovative designs and local parallelism to achieve superior computational peak performance. However, in time the demand for increased computational power ushered in the age of massively parallel systems. Here are some examples of supercomputer: IBM Roadrunner Cray Jaguar Tianhe-IA Fujitsu K computer IBM Sequoia Cray Titan Advantages of supercomputer The primary advantage that supercomputers offer is decreased processing time. Computer speed is commonly measured in floating point operations, or FLOPS. Average home computers can perform up to a hundred billion of these operations per second, or 100 gigaflops. Supercomputers, however, are tens of thousands of times faster, meaning that calculations that would take your home computer hours or days can be solved by a supercomputer in a matter of seconds. Supercomputers are usually used to tackle large, real-world problems that would be too time consuming on regular computers. For example, weather forecasters use supercomputers to create models of the weather and to forecast the weather. Obviously, forecasts have to be made in a timely manner to make them useful so the more powerful the computer the better. Only supercomputers have the ability to perform these calculations in a timely fashion. One of the sayings of computing is that the higher the technology, the more trivial the application and the most powerful computers in the world are used by digital effects/computer animation companies. The sheer processing power of supercomputers means that they can be used to do things that ordinary computers simply couldnt handle. Supercomputers have also permitted great strides in filmmaking and special effects. Disadvantages of supercomputer There have no great difference between mainframe computers because like the mainframe it takes up a large space and cost very high. It requires trained staff to can handle and use the supercomputer and it may only be good for specific application. It is high power consumption, it use a lot of electricity, for instance, about millions Rupees in a year. Other disadvantage is that supercomputers require massive external storage drives whose bandwidth is fast enough to accommodate the data being analyzed and produced. If storage and bandwidth cant keep up with the data flow, the supercomputer will not be able to work at its full capacity. Unlike ordinary desktop computers that may finish calculating a problem in a few minutes or overnight, supercomputers work on tasks that require intensive calculations which can take extremely long periods to complete. For example, a supercomputer could spend months performing calculations to support research on climate change or to help cure a disease, presenting a disadvantage to people who are in a hurry for quick results. 6. CONCLUSION After all we can say that computer has made his way since 19xx. It has begun with the microcomputer which consisted of simple technology. Then we have the minicomputer which becomes more and more personal and sophisticated for users. It makes great progress when the mainframe computer comes in 19xx (put the date). It comes with more performance and more memory with high security level. Their process increased more than 100 times and finally when the famous supercomputer comes which is 1000 times more powerful than the predecessor. And nowadays with the great evolution we have four type of computer.

Types of Crimes Essay -- Crime Violence Felony Misdemeanor Laws Essays

Types of Crimes A crime is an act against the public good, punishable by a fine, imprisonment, or both. There are two major classifications of crime. The first classification of crime is a felony. A felony is a major crime punishable by imprisonment or death. Murder, manslaughter, burglary, robbery, and arson are examples of felonies. The second major classification of a crime is a misdemeanor. A misdemeanor is a less serious crime with a less severe penalty. Misdemeanors that aren’t as serious are known as petty offenses. Driving an automobile without a license, lying about your age to purchase alcohol, and leaving the scene of an automobile accident are all examples of misdemeanors. Crimes are defined by two elements. The first element is the criminal act. Every law that defines a crime must specifically explain the conduct that is forbidden by that law. The criminal act must also involve voluntary conduct. The second element is the required state of mind. The required state of mind is specified in the law that defines the crime. In this statue the mental state of mind is required. There are many different crimes that are against people. Murder is the unlawful killing of another human being. There are two degrees of murder. To be charged with the first degree of murder you must kill some one with premeditation, you use cruel torture in killing someone, and you kill someone while acting out a felony. The second degree of murder is known as mans...

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Essay -- Health Medical Biology Biological

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Located on the X chromosome lies a gene whose improper function would take from us what we often sloppily overlook -- our mobility. The freedom to dance with poise, to run with agility, to dress one’s self, to bend over and scoop a dropped pencil off the floor are all motions which are only dreamt of by those with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. An X-linked recessive disorder which can be exhibited in both males and females, DMD is most prominent in males, affecting 3500 boys in the world (McKusick). DMD affects muscle -- skeletal, smooth, and cardiac -- by causing degeneration (McKusick). Diagnosis occurs around five years old, and by age ten, a wheelchair is often necessary for the patient. The skeletal muscle degeneration is followed by the eventual deterioration of digestion and of the urinary tract. The onset of this is about age fifteen, and cardiac muscle failure occurs around age twenty-one, making the lives of patients with DMD end around age seventeen (McKusick). The gene whose mutation causes Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy is one that codes for the protein dystrophin (Bulman et al. 457). The gene for DMD was discovered first through gene cloning, and only later was the protein that it codes for, dystrophin, discovered (Evans et al. 310). Because of these two discoveries, diagnosis can occur by examining the gene or by looking for the presence of the protein dystrophin (Evans et al. 310). The disease can be detected at any age. In fact, a procedure has been developed which can diagnose DMD in utero using a muscle biopsy of the fetus (Evans et al. 310). Located on the X chromosome, the locus designation of the dystrophin gene is Xp21.2 (McKusick). This dystrophin gene has over 70 exons, an... ...ular Dystropy in a Female Fetus ‘Suddenly at Risk’.† American Journal of Medical Genetics 46 (1993): 309-312. McKusick, V.A.; Hamosh, A.; Brennan, P.; Smith, M.; Antonarakis, S.E.; Hurko, O. 310200 Muscular Dystrophy, Pseudohypertrophic Progressive, Duchenne and Becker Types. 24 February 1999. Online. Internet. 29 March 1999. Available http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dismim?/310200 Mendell, J.R.; Kissel, J.T.; Amato, A.A.; King, W.; Signore, L.; Prior, T.W.; Sahenk, Z.; Benson, S.; McAndrew, P.E.; Rice, R.; Nagaraja, H.; Stephens, R.; Lantry, L.; Morris, G.E.; Burghes, A.H.M. â€Å"Myoblast Transfer in the Treatment of Duchenne’s Muscular Dystrophy.† The New England Journal of Medicine 13 (1995): 832-838. NCBI Genes and Disease Map: Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. Online. Internet. 29 March 1999. Available http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/DMD.html

Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas

Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas â€Å"Explain how characters transition from headstrong and quirky in the beginning to something that resembles shell-shocked soldiers† Raul Duke and the Attorney also known as the main characters of the novel Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas transition from headstrong and quirky characters to something that appears to be shell-shocked soldiers. The American Dream, a very common theme for every American, everyone wants to live it but few actually know what it is. Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas is the American Dream put in action as Hunter S. Thompson puts to the test his standard practice of living in excess and acting strangely enough to evade detection, with the attitude of someone who belongs where he is. Hunter S. Thompson manages to create a journalistic discovery that outlines the changes of an American legend. The characters transitioning from headstrong and quirky in the beginning to something that resembles shell-shocked soldiers, these descriptions apply to both the characters, Raul Duke and his Samoan attorney who is never named, and the supporting characters, hotel bellhops and other static characters. Old elephants limp off to the hills to die; old Americans go out to the high way and drive themselves to death with huge cars†(18). This shows a perfect blend of aggressive journalism gone awry combined with great American willpower and ingenuity and is a landmark in the world of â€Å"counterculture† writing. At the beginning of the novel both Raul Duke and the attorney showed head strong and quir ky qualities. As your attorney†, that’s how the attorney always presented himself in front of people shows a very positive and headstrong personality because he isn’t afraid of showing who he is and it also represents how he loves his job since he always wanted to be referred as to the attorney. Another scene that shows both the attorney and Dr. Thompson upbeat personalities is their ride with the shark to Las Vegas. Off course they were high throughout the whole drive. That is also a reason why they felt so headstrong because it is believed that drugs made them feel more powerful. We are going to rip his lungs out! † said the attorney during the ride to Las Vegas. Also them getting the shark was one of the moments that got them so pumped up. Then there is a change in personality were both characters resemble shell-shocked soldiers. I believe these changes of transition originate from the drugs and their effects and that provokes them to become bipolar. One of the scenes that show this transition is the Vietnam flash and the hotel scene while Dr. Thompson and the attorney are in the elevator and the attorney becomes overly aggressive. This transition happens after their usage of drugs and alcohol and it is influenced by Hunter S. Thompson and his persona. The influence of Dr. Thompson’s novel he has had on American culture is almost countless. Every American writer with any sense of politics and social morality reads and looks up to the good doctor. Fear and Loathing marks a turning point in his style. The strange and often twisted mindset of these people creates, for the average readers, what seems like an alternate reality, a world which they have never before witnessed. Duke and his attorney seem like characters in some perverse drama although they are in fact, actual people. This is the effect the â€Å"sub culture† that is the subject matter. The reader can identify with the ordinary people in the novel such as hitchhiker, these people do not understand the rhyme or reason of the actions taken by the end of the book the reader, at least, has gleaned some sort of comprehension of this secret and sometimes frightening world of drug people. You can turn your back on a person, but never turn your back on a drug especially when its waving a razor-sharp knife un your eyes†. This transition from headstrong and quirky to shell-shocked soldiers all occurs from the use of drugs and its effects. Thus, Hunter S. Thompson created these characters and their personalities as a representation of himself even though they are realistic people.

Referring in detail to at least two poems: What Makes Wilfred Owen a Great War Poet?

Commencing the First World War in 1914, conscription had not yet been established, but the government were leaning heavily on the media to endeavour and recruit volunteers into the army. This was done by propaganda. Poetry and posters were the two most prominent in persuading men to fight for their country. But it was poetry which encouraged the â€Å"war fever†; poetry in which war was described as valiant and noble, and how it was an honourable thing to be able to fight for your country. An example was Jessie Pope who wrote Who's for the Game: a writer whom Owen was predominantly against. His poems he wrote partially in retaliation against propaganda, and with the intention of exposing â€Å"the old lie†. By this, he recapitulated his own experiences in the war, which were ghastly and did not show men in war as gallant and heroic. His poems also seemed therapeutic; a way of release, but the main intention it seems was to expose the truth about war. Owen illustrates his poetry with such vivid descriptions and realism, particularly in Dulce et Decorum est, so as to paint a realistic image of World War I in the reader's mind, especially in the fourth and final verse, where Owen vividly describes the horrific image of a soldier dead from gas, and he brings the reader right up close to the face of the dead soldier. By doing this, he makes it very personal for the reader. The face of a human is what shows their emotions, and what shows identity. In the poem The Charge of the Light Brigade by Alfred Tennyson, which describes the charge of British cavalry against Russian soldiers, the whole six hundred British were slaughtered, yet not once does Tennyson pick out one soldier, or individualises this. This is what Owen does in â€Å"Dulce et Decorum est†: he individualises the soldier who has died. Another feature of this last verse is that it shows people that the war they thought would be glorious and noble is not at all that. At the end, it seems as if he is trying to make the reader feel guilty (especially after reading about the gassed soldier) by ever believing that war is an honourable thing: My friend, you would not tell with such high zest To children ardent for some desperate glory The old lie: Dulce et decorum est Pro patria mori With this, Owen asks that after knowing what war is really like (as opposed to glorious and noble), would you still tell your children if they asked that war is a wonderful and honourable thing? He therefore intends to make the reader feel guilty for this. In a war, when many people die, their deaths are recorded mostly as a statistic. Here in the last verse of Dulce et Decorum est, Owen picks out one dead individual to the reader. The dead one's face is described so vividly, so as to stand out most to the reader. One's face is what gives one identity, what shows emotion and other human characteristics. Owen purposely focuses in particularly on the face, as to give maximum emotional impact; especially a face so mutilated by the gas which would be a huge shock to one's morals. With â€Å"Obscene as cancer†, Owen is comparing this image, something he knows, to something readers at home know of well. By doing this, Owen also shows how horrifically real the war was, by comparing it to something equally horrifically real, and much closer to home. At the beginning of the second line in Dulce et Decorum est, Owen uses an interesting phrase: â€Å"knock-kneed†. In this phrase can be extracted quite a few different meanings, mostly centred on Owen's excellent use of language which brings such strong realism into his poems. It could possibly be a simple phrase in soldiers' slang, which ties in with the realism. Poetically speaking, he uses alliteration and onomatopoeia to give the idea of knees buckling and knocking together. Knocking together with what? It could have merely been the weather, as the soldiers were cold, muddy and wet, but it also gives the impression that they were shaking with fear, which ties in with the idea that soldiers were ideally viewed as strong, heroic and fearless, yet here they are scared, and defeated by this fear and the effects of the weather. This phrase also gives one the idea of violence, which is certainly and undoubtedly expected in a war. â€Å"Haunting flares† in the next line automatically gives the reader the idea of a horror story. Owen writes Dulce et Decorum est certainly in such a way which could relate it to a horror story, particularly in the last verse where he describes the soldier who died from the gas attack, for here one reads about something which is so horrific, alien and obscene that it could not possibly be real, just as the ghost or other such supernatural beings in a horror story. This ties in with when in the last verse Owen relates it to the Devil, and the Devil is not something most people would like to believe in, just as the nasty image Owen puts into the reader's head of the dead soldier is not something one would like to believe. However, unlike horror stories and the Devil, Owen's description and vivid realism make this something one must accept as real. Tied within the idea of a horror story, â€Å"Haunting flares† also has a rather psychological meaning to it. The use of the word â€Å"haunting† shows that this has been on the soldiers' minds constantly. But as a horror story, in which the purpose is to be scary, but not real, and it seems that the soldiers are treating it as such. The way Owen writes it makes it seem as if it is something that they have been constantly worrying about constantly which has made them paranoid, and so they dismiss it merely as though they are seeing things. This could be a cause of their delayed reactions when they are hit by the gas attack, for they dismissed the flares as though they were not there. In the next verse where Owen describes the gas attack, he uses language which links and relates to the idea of water. â€Å"Floundering† shows this first, as for example one who cannot swim will flounder in the water. Another possible meaning is that a flounder is a fish; a fish out of water will flap and struggle and will not survive because it cannot breathe oxygen. It seems Owen is using this to compare with the soldier who could not get his mask on in time, and he is as the fish out of water, struggling and fighting for the oxygen he cannot breathe, and in the end he will not survive. â€Å"As under a green sea, I saw him drowning† also relates quite clearly to water; the green sea being the gas, and the soldier is dying – drowning – in this green sea. In the next small verse, Owen briefly changes from the past to the present tense with, In all my dreams, before my helpless sight, He plunges at me, guttering, chocking, drowning. This shows the traumatic and psychological effects this one event had on him. This could be because Owen saw this so close and it was so shocking to him. However, although there is no hint to it in the poem save for â€Å"An ecstasy of fumbling†, there could be a chance that the gas mask Owen ‘won' might have been fought over by Owen and the dying soldier. The sight of watching the soldier die so horrifically could leave a sharp imprint of guilt upon Owen, such as that he would relive the moment when he sleeps, in his dreams. It also shows that Owen had been forced to buy such a nasty moment to be able to function, to do his job, during the day. However, when something has such an effect on someone, it cannot be buried, and it will come back to haunt the person, as it did with Owen when he slept. However, in order for one to be able to get over such an event, it must be remembered, and part of the reason Owen wrote this poem was as a method of self-therapy, to help him recover from the moment. Owen also uses an interesting order of words in these two lines, leaving the point where he speaks about the soldier actually dying, the most important bit, till last. Because of the such traumatic effect it has on him, such a thing to say would be very hard for Owen. In Exposure, Owen focuses in particular on describing most vividly the weather and psychological effects on them during this particular time. It shows also his experience in the war, as weather was a strong enemy to both sides and both sides were badly affected. In the second verse of Exposure, Owen uses poetic technique tied in with realism to describe the weather as an army to be fought. †¦melancholy army attacks once More in ranks on shivering Ranks of grey†¦ Throughout Exposure, Owen uses vivid description to relate to the reader the weather. Here, Owen uses personification as he describes the weather as at the time a more challenging enemy to be fought than the Germans – the main enemy at the time. Also, with â€Å"a dull rumour of some other war†, he is showing that during that time the soldiers were far more concerned about surviving from the extreme weather conditions than they were about the war they were in France originally to fight. It also shows that they were not alert completely, perhaps effected by the weather and fatigue, and they are not entirely aware of how vulnerable they are to the Nazis. Exposure focuses particularly on not only the weather, but also on the psychological effects. Owen describes how the soldiers were so wrecked by fatigue and by the effects of the weather that they forgot about fighting the Nazis and merely withdrew into themselves. Within this, they seem to wonder about what they had been told about war. This is shown particularly when the phrase â€Å"Forgotten dreams†. This may be dreams of the glory after the war, things they had wished to do, dreams and plans after the war, which they have given up on, because they have realised that war is not a glorious thing at all. In this also there appears to be a loss of morale, and of hope, as if they have realised there is no hope in this war at all, be it against the Germans or the weather. There is also a religious element, in which they seem to question their faith and belief in God, and a sense of homesickness. â€Å"Glimpsing the sunk fires† shows this particularly. A fire that is not tended to dies down, and the soldiers had not been home in so long. The fire could also refer to their sunken spirits, and a drastic diminishing of hope and faith, or the diminishing of life as more soldiers die. â€Å"Shutters and doors all closed†: this could mean a few things, such as they believed they would never make it home, they will not survive this horrific war – a drastic loss of morale. Alternatively, perhaps, if they were to return home in the end things would never be the same. There is even the sense (particularly with the next line: â€Å"We turn back to our dying†) that they cannot go back until their job is done, so they â€Å"turn back to [our] dying†. They retreat from their minds and wake up to reality once more. The theme of religion is brought in with â€Å"For God's invincible spring our love is made afraid†. This could mean many things. One of the Ten Commandments is to love your neighbour as yourself. They may be afraid to love their neighbour – the Germans in this case. Or it may be that, after all that has happened to them in the war, they are afraid to any longer love; to believe in; to have faith in God. As this is what t heir belief has brought them too. However, Owen says â€Å"invincible spring†. This could mean something completely different; a sudden replenishing of morale, or of faith in God. It is as if they know they are going to die, and there is nothing they can do about it, but they realise suddenly that this is God's plan for them, and they will not die in vain. They were in the war for a reason: to protect their country and they will die doing their job. â€Å"Therefore, not loath†¦Ã¢â‚¬  – this also shows acceptance of the job God has given them. By â€Å"not loath†, it shows that they will not half-heartedly do their job, and they will do it fully and wilfully. It is clearly difficult however, for them to come to terms with what seems their destiny. Despite Owen's anger about the false propaganda, there does seem to be a sense that heroism has returned to the idea of war. â€Å"Therefore were born†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ could this mean sacrifice, or resurrection perhaps as with Jesus? With the line â€Å"For love of God seems dying†, it seems it could rather mean â€Å"For love of God it seems worth dying†. This shows that they would willingly die for the love of God. The last verse of Exposure is a verse that seems to predict their fate, which is ultimately a whole acceptance of this fate. Again, Owen's choice of language defines the strong sense of realism and the psychological theme, as with throughout the poem. There are two lines which are most prominent, the first being â€Å"This mud and us†; this line refers to clearly the dead bodies in the earth, but there is also a seemingly religious element in it also. A line from the Bible reads â€Å"Ashes to ashes, Dust to dust†. This refers to the dead bodies in the earth returning to dust, so they are at one with the Earth, peaceful and as part of nature. It seems Owen has come to realise it is simply this which is the fate that awaits them, and he has accepted fully this fate. The last line seems slightly strange then in compliance with this, for it states â€Å"But nothing happens†. Is this a sudden uncertainty of what is to happen after death, or merely a sudden thought that perhaps there is simply nothing? This contradicts their religious views, as the thought of nothing happening would mean regardless of whether they were good men or not, there would be no eternal paradise nor suffering. These two poems are relatively similar in that the main purpose for being written was to expose the horrific truth about war, which is that the ideals created by propaganda of the time that it is glorious to fight for your country, that to be a soldier is to be heroic and fearless and honourable, is opposite to the actual reality of a war. The truth of events in a war, for example the soldier who died from the gas attack in Dulce et Decorum est, is very different from this ideal image, for to die in such a way is certainly not glorious to anyone. As Owen vaguely questions throughout his poems, if you are to die in such a horrific and grotesque way, is it truly worth dying for your country? For as Owen's retreatment into his mind in Exposure, where the soldiers suffer from severe homesickness, would one not prefer to make certain they shall return to their families to care for them, to ensure their safety, rather than die so nastily and leave their family to suffer under the effects of such a death? From each of Owen's poems, it is evident that his determination and passion to expose â€Å"the old lie† to the public drove him to write his poems to perfection, using poetic devices and languages to fill these poems with layers of meaning, some which only Owen will know of, as a method of self-therapy to help him recover from the psychological effects and traumatic stress of the war. It is very sad, therefore, that he should die at such a young age, just before the ending of the war where he should have (as many soldiers who did not should have) been able to experience peace once more and also the effects his incredible poetry had on people.

Grade Speech Essay

From the minute the teacher mentioned the word SPEECHES i started to frown. I have never been a big fan speeches from the start, even though i have been doing them for a few years now i still have trouble with them. Whether its coming up with a topic, revising and editing, or presenting in front of the class i don’t like it one bit. But when you think of it who really does like doing speeches at are age. I have never met someone who has started jumping up and down cheering when they hear the teacher start talking about doing speeches. Or someone who started thinking yaaa i get stand up in front of all my friends and my classmates and talk about one subject for 5 to 6 minutes. But in the end we all have to do it one time or another. Knowing that I start thinking of different topics to do my speech on, and then i think why not do a speech on the very thing i have trouble with. Why not do a speech on doing a speech. So here’s my speech on speeches. The first step on creating your speech is too come up with a good topic. You wanna think of something that isn’t too boring. The last thing you want is to be standing there talking with half of the room falling asleep. You want a topic that is something your audience will find interesting or maybe something they can relate to. If your like me, coming up with the right topic to do your speech on can be challenging sometimes. So here are some things to keep in mind while finding a good topic for you. First thing is that the topic you choose has to be one that either you know a lot on or one that will be easy to research. If you cant get information on it then you wont have anything to talk about. Second thing to keep in mind is that you need to make sure the topic is appropriate for whatever audience you will be presenting to. Third thing is that another way to help think of a topic is to brainstorm. You can brainstorm many different ideas then choose the one you want to do most . The next part to do of the writhing section of your speech is the draft. this is one of the parts that takes the most work. The most important thing to keep in mind while writing your draft is that it’s a draft! A rough copy. You can go back and fix things later when you don’t like what u have written. There should be three parts to your speech. #1 the introduction. #2 the body. #3 the conclusion. The introduction is where it all starts. That’s where you have your opening sentence. You want your opening sentence to be something interesting that will grab the audiences attention and make them want to keep on listening to the speech. A good introduction is the way to start off a good speech the body of your speech is the middle. Its the biggest part of the whole thing. Then there’s your conclusion. Its the ending part of speech, the part where you Finnish up and conclude. Now its time to revise and edit.

Peckham Library: A Case Study

Peckham Library. Case Study. Introduction. Peckham Library is a library and community edifice situated in Peckham, southeast London. Peckham Library opened to the populace on 8 March 2000, with an official gap by Mr. Chris Smith, secretary of State for civilization, media and athletics. The library was designed by Mr. Will Alsop from Alsop & A ; Stormer Company and it received the 2000 Stirling Award for architectural invention. It besides won the Civic Trust Award ( April 2002 ) for excellence in public architecture, along with the London Eye and Tate Modern and the Copper Cladding Award for it’s vivid Cu outside. The edifice looks like an upside-down capital missive ‘L’ , with the upper portion supported by thin steel pillars set at random angles. The edifice includes meeting suites, children’s countries and the library. There is besides an Afro-Caribbean subdivision which attracts many visitants. Peckham Library is one of the busiest and most visited libraries, with about half a million visitants a twelvemonth and over 245,000 issued points. The library was designed to be dramatic, to do people funny about what lies indoors and to dispute the traditional position of libraries as staid and serious environments. The building of the library cost 5 million lbs, including 1,25 million signifier Single Regeneration Budget plan. This plan besides covered the creative activity of new low-rise lodging //9 a mixture of owner-occupied and societal lodging ) , Peckham Pulse Healthy Living Center, Peckham Square and Peckham Arch. Peckham Library is considered to be one of the best 5 l ibraries, along with libraries in Zurich, Chicago, Copenhagen and Amsterdam. Southwark council, ( Peckham country council ) , tries to agitate off the violent image of the country with usher to draw in tourers, that is why constructing like Peckham Library were built.In the 1890ss, Southwark was the ssecond most disadvantaged council country in England, and Peckham was one of its worst countries. Housing was hapless, unemployment high and the GCSE base on balls rate was a 3rd of the national norm. The country used to hit the headlines for it’s less wholesome reputes as a hot spot for offense, or cheapjack public lodging. Roger Young, caput of the reclamation squad stated: â€Å"We don’t pretend that the topographic point is perfect, but what we are stating is that there is a batch traveling on here that people should come and see. What people hear about the country comes from flooring headlines, but we have some first material here. Peckham has a electrifying mixture of civilizations, history and architecture† . The undertaking was finished by 1998 and it formed a new inner-city place in London southeast territory of Peckham. Other well-known undertakings of Alsop and Stormer are the North Greenwich station in London and a ferry terminus in Hamburg. The end of this, ( Peckham Library ) edifice was to excite, pull and pull people’s attending so they would get down interweaving with the Library. The library clears at 9am and closes 8pm and includes 70 grownup reading infinites, free cyberspace entree, word processing installations and handicapped entree lavatories. There are many events during the hebdomad which pull local people to the library, such as 1 ) vocalizing Sessionss for kids every Monday 2 ) babe and yearling Sessionss every Tuesday 3 ) book nine Sessionss every Wednesday 4 ) prep aid bead in for kids every Wednesday 5 ) over 50s nine every first Friday of every month Peckham Library has become a really popular topographic point and has reduced the hooliganism around the country. Mr Alsop said in a inquiry: â€Å"If you build a semi-decent edifice, it will non pull vandalism† . Air. Air is the unseeable gaseous substance environing the Earth, a mixture chiefly of O and N. ( Picture of composing of air ) Air travels from countries of high force per unit area to low force per unit area. ( image of how the air moves in a room ) Peckham Library has 22 Windowss which are most of the times shut. The edifice has no air-conditioning, therefore it is of course ventilated. There is shadowing in many different countries around the edifice ; therefore the Sun visible radiation can non easy go through through.This sort of airing is named inactive chilling The concrete frame of the edifice, which is exposed to the soffit, besides helps with the airing, because cross airing occurs and helps the concrete in footings of the air temperature, which prevents heat from come ining the inside ( heat addition bar ) . The window panels, which are laminated with four different movie beds with different coloring material movie, are really utile themselves, because during winter they help to maintain the cold air off and the warm air to stay inside the edifice. However the Windowss can be easy opened, because a library is a topographic point with many people and it needs a certain sum of air so it won’t acquire smothering. The edifice has a radiation system on the walls and the floor, so the room gets a certain sum of warm air during winter clip. ( Diagram of the conditions in the UK ) Pulling figure 1. ( In the floor ) . Pulling figure 2. ( in the wall ) . Light. The Windowss in the ceiling and the Windowss on the sides of the edifice let a large sum of visible radiation to come indoors, but unreal visible radiation is besides used because there is non adequate visible radiation during winter clip or in the early forenoons and late eventides. During my first visit I’ve noticed that the visible radiations in the library were switched on and some of the bulbs which are set in the high ceiling were consecutive illuming the country. The visible radiation made the infinite more pleasant for the visitants and easier to read. Some visible radiations were more inside the ceiling and surrounded by a mirroring consequence, which helps the visible radiation to distribute across the room. This shows that Mr. Aslop was non trusting on natural lighting, as the edifice has 300 visible radiation bulbs. If the visible radiations in the library of all time needed to be changed, it would take four yearss for the work to be done. The closing angered Southwark council leader Stephanie Elsy stated: â€Å"This is merely non acceptable and we ca n't let it to go on again† she said. â€Å"It ‘s quite unbelievable that it has to be closed to make everyday care work. I ca n't believe this is the lone approach† . ( Light around my edifice ) Pulling figure 3. ( speedy drawing of the visible radiations in the 4th floor of the edifice ) ( Pulling of the Windowss on the left side of the Peckham Library edifice ) ( Free manus drawing of how the visible radiation comes in the flat four of the edifice ) Land. Land is the solid surface of the Earth. Earth is made out of many things. Deep inside Earth, near its centre, lays Earth ‘s nucleus, which is largely made up of Ni and Fe. Above the nucleus is Earth ‘s mantle, which is made out of stone that contains Si, Fe, Mg, aluminum, O and other minerals. The bouldery surface bed of Earth, called the crust, is made out of O, Si, aluminum, Fe, Ca, Na, K and Mg. Earth ‘s surface is chiefly covered with liquid H2O and the ambiance is chiefly nitrogen and O, with smaller sums of C dioxide, H2O vapour and other gases. Land is really of import to the procedure of constructing a edifice. Before the planning of a edifice, designers and contrivers are being asked to mensurate out the site and to turn up the piping and electricity. It is besides known that if person wants to cognize about what type of land has an country, he has to look at the old houses at the peculiar country. In old old ages builders used stuffs that were easy found around the country they were construct the house. Peckham Library on the other manus, is modern and futuristic and at first glimpse, it doesn’t look to be the same as the edifices around it. It is made out of concrete, metal, Cu and glass, while the edifices around are made out of bricks. The designer used these specific stuffs both to do it outstand and suit into the country at the same clip. ( Picture of earth’s stuffs ) All the stuffs that are used to construct a edifice semen from Earth. Peckham library is made out of: 1 ) Copper cladding steel [ used on the bulk of the outside ( South, East, West and roof ) ] . ( Picture of Cu on its first signifier ) ( Copper at Peckham Library ) 2 ) Glass ( both field and fluorescent, used for Windowss and doors ) . ( Picture of glass at Peckham Library ) ( Pulling of the Indian Sandstone Paving outside Peckham Library, at the front side ) 3 ) Metallic element ( used for the shells and the back uping columns on the Plaza ) . ( Picture of the back uping columns ) A important part of the constructions exterior is covered in Cu steel. Traditionally copper steel is being used chiefly for pipes ; nevertheless the Cu supplied by TECU, a German fabrication company, is used in an unconventional mode in Peckham Library. Alsop’s design required a stuff that would be cheerful but challenging hence TECU ®-Patina supplied the green horizontal sheet cladding which has a really typical visual aspect. By utilizing sheet stuff, Alsop was able to hold the stuff cut in to linear signifiers which produce ‘seams’ . These ‘seams’ run down the frontage which draws attending to the slanted steel supports. The steel mesh which protects the glass is slightly unexpected because there is no demand for protection of the glass although criminalism in Peckham country is really high. The steel mesh is a Sambesi450 merchandise which is made from unstained wire overseas telegrams and rods which are an norm of 7mm midst and weigh approx. 11.2 kg/ m? . Steel is besides used in the slanted rods which support the overhang. Even though I believe that these stuffs where chosen to do the construction lively, playful and absorbing, chiefly because Mr Aslop wanted to pull and pull peoples’ attending so they would get down interweaving with the Library, I besides believe that the stuffs used were intended to stand the trial of clip and survive Acts of the Apostless of hooliganism and inauspicious conditions conditions in Peckham country. Water. Water is a colourless, transparent, odorless, tasteless liquid that forms the seas, lakes, rivers, and rain and is the footing of the fluids of life beings. Information about the H2O and the pipes in Peckham library edifice could non be found, as the people in the library stated that such information is confidential. Alternatively, I found the program of flat four of the edifice and searched for the lavatories. This is where the pipes are more likely to be. The H2O in Peckham Library is black H2O, which means that it is used merely in the sanitation system of the edifice, as the library does non supply other countries that H2O is needed. ( Plan of degree five that illustrates where the lavatories situated in the edifice ) Energy. Energy is the power derived from the use of physical or chemical resources, particularly to supply visible radiation and heat or to work machines. â€Å"Energy can non be created nor destroyed within a system† . Energy can be used for transit, or the industry, or for residential and commercial grounds. There are plentifulness of energy types: 1 ) Oil 2 ) Nuclear 3 ) Solar 4 ) Wind power 5 ) Geothermal 6 ) Hydropower 7 ) Fuelwood 8 ) Coal 9 ) Natural gas ( Picture of fuel ingestion ) Peckham Library has heat demand of 369. ( This information was received from DeMAP ) First the window facade of the edifice is made out of Vanceva Interlayer Colours Windowss. They are made out of different colored beds assembled between beds of clear glass. Therefore when the heat approaches the glass it is redirected back into its environment, which means it provides a good thermic insularity. Second the Cu, which the edifice is made from, is by and large considered to be a good sender of heat, this suggests that the edifice is good stray, nevertheless non all heat is kept in ; some of it is released back to the ambiance. The window frontage is made out of four beds, hence as the heat approaches the glass it is redirected back into its environment, that means it provides a good thermic insularity. Energy within the edifice is used in the signifier of electricity. It is used chiefly for illuming, but for the machines as good ( computing machines, lifts, warmers, run offing machine and automatic doors ) . The energy comes from a generator, which is situated at the back side of the edifice. ( Energy beginnings in a modern edifice ) Recycle. Recycling is a procedure to alter stuffs ( waste ) , into new merchandises to forestall waste of potentially utile stuffs, cut down the ingestion of fresh natural stuffs, cut down energy use, cut down air pollution ( from incineration ) and H2O pollution ( from landfilling ) by cut downing the demand for â€Å" conventional † waste disposal, and lower nursery gas emanations as compared to plastic production. In architecture, recycling chiefly means the reuse of energy, but it can besides intend the reuse stuffs, such as glass bottles can be used to do a wall, or coins can be used for doing floorings. Peckham Library has one recycle bin and one general waste bin on the 4th floor. It doesn’t seem to actuate people to recycle, even though the room has some postings about recycling. There are besides general waste bins and recycle bins at the plaza country. When I visited the library, the flood lamps were on, even during the twenty-four hours. Ironically Southwark Council has published suggestions for low cost ways to be green yet the big cantilever makes the infinite below devoid of sunshine, even on cheery yearss. Harmonizing to a web log reexamining sustainable edifices, the inundation visible radiations cost an estimated ?4,800 a twelvemonth in energy costs. ( Picture of bins on the left side of the library ) Synthesis. Synthesis is the combination of constituents or elements to organize a affiliated whole. The construction of the edifice is a synthesis of two rectangles. Mr Alsop wanted to do something that is attention-getting and really hard to lose. The most obvious structural characteristic of the edifice is the big overhang which is supported by thin, slanted metal columns. From the exterior it appears that the library floor is balanced 12m in the air by the poles and the remainder of the edifice is steadfastly grounded. ( Picture of the combination of the forms of the edifice ) The construction on the interior of the Library is instead interesting. It seems that there are three smaller edifice inside the edifice, in which you can acquire inside and read. ( Picture of programs and lift of the edifice ) The stairway at the dorsum of the edifice is really unusual ; it is made out of concrete, metal and glass. The glass is placed in the center of the stairss so it allows the visible radiation through the whole back portion of the edifice. ( Picture of the synthesis of the stepss ) What I would change/add. If I had a pick to alter something in the edifice I would add a little coffeehouse at one of the three cods or at the roof. I believe that it would be a good thought and that it would pull even more people than it does now. Peoples would hold the opportunity to loosen up and bask a cup of java or tea while they read or relax. Decision. Peckham Library is a public edifice that attracts many people and gives a opportunity to larn about different civilizations and civilizations. This undertaking managed to convey a positive promotion to the country and attract people to come and see it. That has a positive affect non merely at the economic state of affairs of the country, but at the cultural every bit good. Peoples exchange sentiments, learn from each other fitting new people and they broaden their skylines. Beginnings: Voyager Magazine, Archello, KME, The Guardian, Building.co.uk, Website: Southwark Council, Website Physics, User Peckham2 on tumblr, Wikipedia, Website: Recyclart, Website: Coevals of Energy-Efficient Patio Houses With GENE_ARCH, Peckham’s Library file about the library, DeMAP, pictures from Google,